PLUMBING PROJECT

A

MINI PROJECT DISSERTATION ON

“PLUMBING’’

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for The award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

In MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

From

JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY HYDERABAD

By

1. KUDRAT ANSARI           15M81A0344

Under the esteemed guidance of

Mr. M.RAVINDRA M.Tech.,

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

SANA ENGINEERING COLLEGE

(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi & Affiliated to JNTU, Hyderabad)

Kodad (M), Suryapet (Dt). T.S. India -508206 2015 - 2019

SANA ENGINEERING COLLEGE

(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi & Affiliated to JNTU, Hyderabad)

Kodad (M), Suryapet (Dt). T.S. India -508206 

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project work entitled “” is a bonafide work done by KUDRAT ANSARI (15M81A0344) , in the partial fulfillment for the award of Bachelor of Technology in MECHANICAL ENGINEERING from JNTU - Hyderabad during the year of 2015- 2019.This work has not been submitted to any other university or institute or organization for the award of any degree.

INTERNAL GUIDE    H.O.D

PRINCIPAL                                                              EXTERNAL EXAMINER

DECLARATION

We hereby declare that the entire work embodied in this project entitled

“ PLUMBING ”

 has been carried out by us. No part of it has been submitted for the award of any Degree at any other University or Institution. We, further declare that this project dissertation is based on our work carried out at “SANA ENGINEERING COLLEGE KODAD” in the final year B.Tech course.

Date:    Signature

Place: Kodad

1. KUDRAT ANSARI    15M81A0344

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, I am grateful to the Almighty God for establishing me to complete this project.

This report will certainly not be completed without due acknowledgements paid to all those who have helped us in doing our project work.

It is great pleasure to us to express our sincere thanks to our management

Mr. MD. NAZEERUDDIN secretary & correspondent for the required infrastructure and other lab facility which contributed a lot in carrying this project.

We derive great pleasure in expressing our sincere gratitude to our principal Dr.G.RAJENDRA PRASAD BE, M.Tech, MISTE, Ph.D. for his timely suggestions which helped me to complete this work successfully.

It is privilege to thank our head of the mechanical department

Mr.M.RAVINDRA M.Tech, for his encouragement during the progress of this project work and moral support, kind attention and valuable guidance to me throughout this project work.

We express our sincere thanks to our guide Mr. M.RAVINDRA M.Tech., for giving us moral support, kind attention and valuable guidance to me throughout this project work.

We are thank full to both teaching and non teaching staff members of MECHANICAL DEPARTMENT for their kind co-operation and all sorts of help to bring out this project work successfully.

We would like to thank our parents & our friends for being supportive all the time and we are very much obliged to them.

1. KUDRAT ANSARI    15M81A0344

                                                                                                      

CONTENTS

                COVER PAGE                                                                                            I

                CERTIFICATE                                                                                           II

                DECLARATION                                                                                        III

               ACKNOWLEDGEMENT                                                                      IV

               CONTENTS                                                                                            V

               ABSTRACT                                                                                            VI                                    

               LIST OF FIGURES                                                                                VII

               ABBREVIATIONS                                                                                 VIII

S.NO      NAMEOF THE CHAPTERS                                                           PAGENO.

1.            INTRODUCTION                                                                    6-7

2.           PLUMBING                                                                                      8-12

               2.1 COMMON PLUMBING SYSTEM

               2.2 SANITARY DRAINAGE SYSTEM

               2.3 DRAINAGE PIPE MATERIALS

               2.4 COMPONENTS OF SANITARY DRAINAGE SYSTEM

               2.5 P-TRAP AND VENT

               2.6 PLUMBING 

3.           RODI SYSTEM                                                                        13-17                                                                    

4.           AUTOCAD                                                                           18-23                                                                                                                

                 3.1 COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN

                 3.2 USES OF AUTOCAD

                 3.3 SHORT KEYS

                 3.4 FUNCTION KEY 

                 3.5 BENEFITS OF AUTOCAD SOFTWARE

INTRODUCTION

Plumbing is any system that conveys fluids for a wide range of applications. Plumbing uses pipes, valves, plumbing fixtures, tanks, and other apparatuses to convey fluids. Heating and cooling (HVAC), waste removal, and potable water delivery are among the most common uses for plumbing, but it is not limited to these applications. The word derives from the Latin for lead, plumbum, as the first effective pipes used in the Roman era were lead pipes.

In the developed world, plumbing infrastructure is critical to public health and sanitation.Boilermakers and pipefitters are not plumbers, although they work with piping as part of their trade, but their work can include some plumbing.

Plumbing originated during ancient civilizations such as the Greek, Roman, Persian, Indian, and Chinese cities as they developed public baths and needed to provide potable water and wastewater removal, for larger numbers of people. Standardized earthen plumbing pipes with broad flanges making use of asphalt for preventing leakages appeared in the urban settlements of the Indus Valley Civilization by 2700 BC. The Romans used lead pipe inscriptions to prevent water theft. The word "plumber" dates from the Roman Empire.The Latin for lead is plumbum. Roman roofs used lead in conduits and drain pipes and some were also covered with lead. Lead was also used for piping and for making baths.

Plumbing reached its early apex in ancient Rome, which saw the introduction of expansive systems of aqueducts, tile wastewater removal, and widespread use of lead pipes. With the Fall of Rome both water supply and sanitation stagnated—or regressed—for well over 1,000 years. Improvement was very slow, with little effective progress made until the growth of modern densely populated cities in the 1800s. During this period, public health authorities began pressing for better waste disposal systems to be installed, to prevent or control epidemics of disease. Earlier, the waste disposal system had merely consisted of collecting waste and dumping it on the ground or into a river. Eventually the development of separate, underground water and sewage systems eliminated open sewage ditches and cesspools. 

Most large cities today pipe solid wastes to sewage treatment plants in order to separate and partially purify the water, before emptying into streams or other bodies of water. For potable water use, galvanized iron piping was commonplace in the United States from the late 1800s until around 1960. After that period, copper piping took over, first soft copper with flared fittings, then with rigid copper tubing utilizing soldered fittings. 

The use of lead for potable water declined sharply after World War II because of increased awareness of the dangers of lead poisoning. At this time, copper piping was introduced as a better and safer alternative to lead pipes.

COMMON PLUMBING SYSTEMS

• Sanitary Drainage System 
• Storm Drainage System 
• Domestic Water System 
• Domestic Water Heating System 
• Plumbing Fixtures 
• Plumbing Specialties 
• Miscellaneous Plumbing Systems 

Sanitary Drainage System

• Conveys Waste and Sewage from all plumbing
  fixtures to an approved or acceptable disposal
  location 
• Community sewer system 
• Sewage is treated, and returned to the
  environment 
• Local sewage disposal system 
• Septic field 

Drainage Pipe Materials

• Commonly Used Materials 
• Cast Iron Pipe 
• Copper pipe, type DWV 
• Plastic pipe, type PVC 

Components of Sanitary Drainage Systems

• A plumbing fixture is any device used to supply
  water for use, and to collect waste water, waste
  products, as well as human waste. 
• Waste and sewage drain by gravity, wherever
  possible. 
• Fixture branch horizontal drainage pipe
  collecting drainage from plumbing fixtures. 
• Soil Waste Stacks vertical pipe collecting
  discharge from fixtures and fixture branches. 
• Building Drain horizontal pipe which collects
  all soil and waste stacks, extends to 5 ft beyond
  outside wall. 
• piping.

Components of Sanitary Drainage System

• Building Sewer Extends from a point 5 ft.
  outside building and discharges to community
  sewer, or private disposal system. 
• Building trap a trap installed in the building
  drain to prevent gases, rodents, etc. from
  entering the building thru the sewer. When used,
  a fresh air inlet is required to prevent
  siphoning the trap seal. 
• Cleanout a provision in the sanitary drainage
  piping to cleanout blockages. Required every 100
  ft. on horizontal lines, at base of waste or soil
  stacks, at change of direction of piping g.t. 45
  degrees.
• Drainage piping conveying discharge from water
  closets, referred to as soil pipe. 
• A sewage ejection pump is used for toilet rooms
  below the level of the sanitary sewer. 
• Generally, two pumps are used, one to back up the
  other. 

P-TRAP AND VENT

• A plumbing trap is a device used to provide a
  water seal at the outlet of a plumbing fixture. 
• Every plumbing fixture requires a trap. 
• The trap serves to seal out methane and other
  harmful gases that reside in the sewer. 
• Each time the fixture is used, a small amount of
  water remains in the pipe or trapway. 

 

THE COMMON P-TRAP

• A P trap is a plumbing device which prevents odorous gas in plumbing drains and sewers from rising up through a toilet, sink or floor drain into a home or business.
• A P trap is a U-shaped section of pipe that holds water as shown in the diagram below
• If a drain, sink or toilet is not used for a long time, or if there is a leak in the p-trap, it may go dry and allow sewer gas to rise into a home or other building.
• To refill a P trap, flush the toilet, pour water in the floor drain or run water down the sink. Then check to make sure the sewer gas has stopped coming into the building. If sewer gas continues, a repair or other maintenance may be needed.

The water in a P trap is a barrier which prevents sewer gas from rising up through drains and  toilets into a house or other building.

Sewer gas is formed in the natural breakdown of solids in wastewater due to the activity of bacteria.

Sewer gas may not only have an offensive odor, it may include methane, which is potentially combustible.

P traps are built into toilets and are required in plumbing drains under State building code.

If you smell sewer gas inside a home or other building, a faulty or dry P trap may be the cause.

You can fill a dry P trap by flushing (if the trap is part of a toilet), pouring water in a floor drain or running water down the sink.

If these actions do not keep sewer gas from getting into a building, there may be a leak or loose connection at the p-trap. (You may need help from a plumber.)

Venting

• Lavatories, sinks, floor drains, drinking
  fountains generally have traps made from pipe. 
• Each fixture trap must be vented to atmosphere
  (outdoors) 
• Water and waste accelerating down pipe pushes air
  in front, creates partial vacuum behind tends
  to create unbalanced pressure in piping. 
• A vent is a separate pipe connected to the
  fixture drain pipe downstream of the trap. 
• The vent serves to relieve excess pressures that
  could blow out, or suction out the water forming
  the trap seal. 
• Individual fixture vent pipes must be ½ the
  diameter of the fixture drain, and minimum 1-1/4
  diameter. 

Plumbing Fixtures

• Water Closet 
• Operates by principal of siphon 
• Refer to ANSI A117.1 for Barrier Free Design
  requirements 
• Types 
• Flush Tank typically for residential use 
• Flush Valve typically for non-residential use 
• Floor mounted typically for residential use 
• Wall mounted typically for non-residential use 
• Requires Fixture Carrier 

Plumbing Fixtures 

• Urinals 
• Wall Hung 
• Floor (rarely used) 

2. RODI SYSTEM

          INTRODUCTION

RO or Reverse Osmosis water is the product of forcing water through a semi-permeable membrane which ONLY water can flow through and expeling the "brine" water that cannot pass through. DI or De-Ionised water has been passed through a bed of special resin which absorbs the Ions that the RO membrane couldnt reject These processes produces water that is more pure than water found anywhere in nature, so pure that it quickly absorbs carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and becomes mildly acidic if left exposed to air!

What's the difference between RO and DI water purification?

Reverse Osmosis (RO) is the opposite of a natural process simply called osmosis. Osmosis is the movement of water molecules across a semipermeable membrane. The process naturally moves water from a low ion concentration to a higher ion concentration across a semipermeable membrane to create reverse osmosis water. This natural process is used by our bodies to get water to our individual cells.

.

Deionization (DI) filters have many names: Ion Exchange, Strong Acid/Strong Base, Polishing, Nuclear Grade. Nuclear grade DI filters can remove Inorganic chemicals down to very low parts per billon (PPB) levels. This makes them excellent for producing Ultra-Purified (Type I, 18.2 Megohm) water. Water of this quality is used with the most sensitive laboratory analytical instruments, which are designed to detect chemicals at extremely low concentration levels.  

Deionization filters function by exchanging positive hydrogen and negative hydroxyl molecules for the positive and negative contaminant molecules in the water. Positive chemicals, like calcium, exchange places with the hydrogen molecules and negative chemicals, like iodine, exchange places with the hydroxyl molecules. Over time, positive and negative contaminants in the water displace all the active hydrogen and hydroxyl molecules on the DI resin and the filter must be replaced. Regeneration of the deionization filter is possible, but only in an industrial environment setting.

Deionization is an on-demand process supplying purified water when needed. This is important because water at this extreme purity level degrades quickly. The nuclear grade deionization resin or polishing mixed bed resin removes almost all the inorganic contaminants in the water increasing the resistivity of the water to a maximum of 18.2 megohm-cm. However, deionization alone does not remove all types of contaminants like dissolved organic chemicals. Deionization filters are not physical filters with a pore size and cannot remove bacteria or particulates.  

Quickly using up the purification capacity of deionization filters can be an expensive option for labs that choose to supply tap water to UltraPure (Type I) Polishing Systems.

There are several tests for identifying the purity level of water. The simplest test is a direct measurement of electrical conductivity or resistivity. Most inorganic chemicals are either negatively charged (anions) or positively charged (cations), and therefore transmit an electrical current when electrodes are inserted in the water. The more ions present, the greater the conductivity, or the lower the resistivity of the sample water.

Conductivity is expressed in µS/cm (microsiemens/cm) and is used to measure water with a large number of ions present. Resistivity is expressed in megohms-cm and is used in the measurement of water with few ions. Conductivity and resistivity are mathematical reciprocals of each other. Therefore, at 25° C, 18.2 megohm water, which is the highest purity water obtainable also, has a conductivity of 0.055 µS/cm. For comparison, the conductivity of distilled water in equilibrium with CO2 in the air is about 20,000 µS/cm. 

How a Reverse Osmosis Deionization (RO/DI) System Works

RO stands for Reverse Osmosis and RO/DI is for Reverse Osmosis Deionization which is the same as a Reverse Osmosis system with an extra DI stage of filtration which filters your tap water down to ZERO TDS (Total Dissolved Solids). While RO systems are suitable for freshwater aquariums, it is necessary to utilize an RO/DI system for mixing saltwater and replenishing freshwater lost due to evaporation in a marine aquarium.

A standard 4 stage RO system includes the 4 basic stages necessary to filter your tap water down to 0 TDS which means the product water will be pure H2O with no other dissolved compounds or contaminates. For situations in which the RO/DI system is used heavily or the supply water is heavily contaminated, it may be useful to invest in a 5 or 6 stage system instead in which an extra carbon and/or extra DI stage is included.

3. AUTOCAD

  

AutoCAD
Developer(s)	Autodesk
Initial release	December 1982; 36 years ago
Stable release	2019.1.2 / September 10, 2018; 4 months ago
Operating system	Windows, macOS, iOS, Android
Available in	English, German, French, Italian, Spanish, Korean, Chinese Simplified, Chinese Traditional, Brazilian Portuguese, Russian, Czech, Polish and Hungarian
Type	Computer-aided design
License	Trialware
Website	www.autodesk.com/autocad

AutoCAD is a commercial computer-aided design (CAD) and drafting software application. Developed and marketed by Autodesk, AutoCAD was first released in December 1982 as a desktop app running on microcomputers with internal graphics controllers. Before AutoCAD was introduced, most commercial CAD programs ran on mainframe computers or minicomputers, with each CAD operator (user) working at a separate graphics terminal. Since 2010, AutoCAD was released as a mobile- and web app as well, marketed as AutoCAD 360. 

AutoCAD is used across a wide range of industries, by architects, project managers, engineers, graphic designers, city planners and many other professionals. It was supported by 750 training centers worldwide in 1994

4.1 USES OF AUTOCAD

AutoCAD® is a computer aided drafting program primarily utilized by architects, interior designers, and engineers. It is slowly replacing the need for drafting by hand, and can be used to create blueprints, floor plans, 3D models, and detailed construction specifications for everything from submarines to kitchen cabinets. AutoCAD® also has the capability to produce equipment schedules and informational documents, allowing it to be a one-stop program for many different professions.

AutoCAD® is possibly best known for its ability to create blueprints without drafting tools and in significantly less time than can be done by hand. Architects and draftsmen can use AutoCAD® to create building details and specifications for construction, including everything from thickness and height of walls to precise location of plumbing and electrical work. This program is set up primarily for this function, and provides the ability to work in tabs and overlay separate drawings, thereby allowing architects to print only the information they chose to. This computer aided design program can also be used by interior designers to specify finish location and selection, which can then be given to those doing the renovation. The program provides a means for drafting the location to be renovated and noting where each finish, whether flooring, wall coverings, or light fixtures, can be placed. This allows interior designers to come up with detailed cost estimates, providing them with the ability to develop near-exact requirements for finishes. It can also be used to identify floor plans, thus specifying were unfixed items such as furniture or store fixtures should be placed. The use of the 3D CAD design, which is capable of produce 3D renderings of a space, can also provide clients with an idea of what the space will look like once completed.

4.2 SHORT KEYS

Shortcut Key	Description
ALT+F4	Closes the application window
ALT+F8	Displays the Macros dialog box (AutoCAD only)
ALT+F11	Displays the Visual Basic Editor (AutoCAD only)
CTRL+F2	Displays the Text window
CTRL+F4	Closes the current drawing
CTRL+F6	Moves to the next file tab
CTRL+0	Toggles Clean Screen
CTRL+1	Toggles Properties palette
CTRL+2	Toggles DesignCenter
CTRL+3	Toggles the Tool Palettes window
CTRL+4	Toggles Sheet Set Manager
CTRL+6	Toggles dbConnect Manager (AutoCAD only)
CTRL+7	Toggles Markup Set Manager
CTRL+8	Toggles the QuickCalc palette
CTRL+9	Toggles the Command Line window
CTRL+A	Selects all the objects in drawing that are not locked or frozen
CTRL+SHIFT+A	Toggles Groups
CTRL+B	Toggles Snap
CTRL+C	Copies objects to the Windows Clipboard
CTRL+SHIFT+C	Copies objects to the Windows Clipboard with Base Point
CTRL+D	Toggles Dynamic UCS (AutoCAD only)
CTRL+E	Cycles through isometric planes
CTRL+SHIFT+E	Enables the use of implied faces and allow for the extrusion of a selected face
CTRL+F	Toggles running object snaps
CTRL+G	Toggles grid display mode
CTRL+H	Toggles PICKSTYLE
CTRL+SHIFT+H	Toggles the display of palettes with HIDEPALETTES and SHOWPALETTES
CTRL+I	Toggles the Coordinates display (AutoCAD only)
CTRL+SHIFT+I	Toggles Infer Constraints (AutoCAD only)
CTRL+J	Repeats last command
CTRL+K	Inserts a hyperlink
CTRL+L	Toggles Ortho mode
CTRL+SHIFT+L	Selects the previously selected objects
CTRL+M	Repeats last command
CTRL+N	Creates a new drawing
CTRL+O	Opens an existing drawing
CTRL+P	Plots the current drawing
CTRL+SHIFT+P	Toggles the Quick Properties interface
CTRL+Q	Quits the application
CTRL+R	Cycles through the tiled viewports on the Model tab or the floating viewports on the current named layout
CTRL+S	Saves the current drawing
CTRL+SHIFT+S	Displays the Save As dialog box
CTRL+T	Toggles Tablet mode
CTRL+U	Toggles Polar Tracking
CTRL+V	Pastes data from the Windows Clipboard
CTRL+SHIFT+V	Pastes data from the Windows Clipboard as a Block
CTRL+W	Toggles selection cycling
CTRL+X	Cuts objects from the current drawing to the Windows Clipboard
CTRL+Y	Cancels the preceding Undo action
CTRL+SHIFT+Y	Toggles 3D Object Snap mode (AutoCAD only)
CTRL+Z	Reverses the last action
CTRL+[	Cancels current command
CTRL+\	Cancels current command
CTRL+HOME	Moves focus to the Start tab
CTRL+PAGE UP	Moves to the previous layout
CTRL+PAGE DOWN	Moves to the next layout tab
CTRL+TAB	Moves to the next file tab

F1	Displays Help
F2	Expands the Command Line history when the Command Line window is floating, or displays the Text window when the Command Line window is docked
F3	Toggles OSNAP
F4	Toggles 3DOSNAP (AutoCAD only) or Toggles TABMODE (AutoCAD LT only)
F5	Toggles ISOPLANE
F6	Toggles UCSDETECT (AutoCAD only)
F7	Toggles GRIDMODE
F8	Toggles ORTHOMODE
F9	Toggles SNAPMODE
F10	Toggles Polar Tracking
F11	Toggles Object Snap Tracking
F12	Toggles Dynamic Input
Shift+F1	Subobject selection is not filtered (AutoCAD only)

4.3 FUNCTION KEY

4.3 BENEFITS OF AUTOCAD

• Storage and accessibility:- AutoCAD documents can be saved on a PC or chronicled in any capacity media.The software documents also can be saved on any cloud storage, from wherein they're easily handy at whenever, from anywhere provided there's an internet connection.
• 3D View:- Even though it is feasible to sketch 3-D drawings manually, they're not as powerful and sensible as computer aided drawings. AutoCAD assist model 3D objects with colorings, substances and/or textures carried out to numerous surfaces making them vibrant and less complicated for the consumer to visualize the stop product.
• Revisions and modifications:- Any changes in manually drafted paper drawings would require the draftsman to draw the drawing again. on account that this involved a number of effort, the draftsmen simply scratched out the older information and drew new details, ensuing lack of older info and additionally not-to-scale drawings. CAD has in-built gear that allow any range of revisions and changes effortlessly and fast. you could edit or delete details without problems the use of simple consumer-friendly commands.. you may also shop the previous versions of the record if you wish to re-use them.
• Speed:- Developing a drawing in AutoCAD is much quicker than drawing manually. you can additionally save time and effort by using developing re-usable block library. smooth edits are viable with commands like copy, reflect, stretching, rotate and scale and plenty of greater such commands
• Accuracy:- AutoCAD permits you to attract with fractional dimensions and also outline precision to any variety of decimal places, which is not feasible to attain in hand-drafted manual drawings, for this reason providing accuracy in all dimensions.